1.1.1裝(zhuang)飾石(shi)材生(sheng)產(加(jia)工)工

裝飾石(shi)(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)生產(chan)(加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong))工(gong)(gong)是(shi)指利(li)用機(ji)器設(she)備與工(gong)(gong)具將石(shi)(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)荒料(liao)(liao)(原料(liao)(liao))加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)成各(ge)種(zhong)裝飾石(shi)(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)制成品的(de)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)，是(shi)整個石(shi)(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)系列工(gong)(gong)種(zhong)(石(shi)(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)生產(chan)工(gong)(gong)、石(shi)(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)裝修工(gong)(gong)、石(shi)(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)制造工(gong)(gong)石(shi)(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)雕刻工(gong)(gong)、非(fei)石(shi)(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)生產(chan)工(gong)(gong))中的(de)一種(zhong)。廣義的(de)石(shi)(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)生產(chan)(加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong))工(gong)(gong)包(bao)括天然石(shi)(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)礦山(shan)開采(cai)工(gong)(gong)(也(ye)稱天然石(shi)(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)開采(cai)工(gong)(gong))和石(shi)(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)工(gong)(gong)廠生產(chan)工(gong)(gong)(也(ye)稱石(shi)(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong))。狹義的(de)石(shi)(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)生產(chan)(加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong))工(gong)(gong)ー般就是(shi)指在工(gong)(gong)廠內利(li)用機(ji)器設(she)備與工(gong)(gong)具將石(shi)(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)荒料(liao)(liao)(原料(liao)(liao))加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)(gong)成各(ge)種(zhong)裝飾石(shi)(shi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)制成品的(de)員(yuan)(yuan)工(gong)(gong)，

1.1.2裝飾石材的種類

凡(fan)具有(you)一定的(de)塊度、強度、穩(wen)定性(xing)、花色、可(ke)加(jia)工性(xing)以及裝(zhuang)飾(shi)性(xing)能(neng)的(de)天(tian)然巖(yan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)稱(cheng)為(wei)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)材(cai)。我們常見(jian)的(de)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)材(cai)種類有(you)大理石(shi)(shi)(shi)、花崗(gang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、砂巖(yan)、板石(shi)(shi)(shi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰石(shi)(shi)(shi)、玉(yu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)等。隨(sui)著石(shi)(shi)(shi)材(cai)工業(ye)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，現在(zai)把用天(tian)然巖(yan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)通過合成的(de)方(fang)式生產的(de)人造(zao)崗(gang)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、人造(zao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)英石(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)稱(cheng)作(zuo)裝(zhuang)飾(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)材(cai)，使裝(zhuang)飾(shi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)材(cai)的(de)范圍更加(jia)廣泛。

1.1.2.1大理石

大(da)理(li)石(shi)是(shi)指具有裝飾性(xing)、成塊性(xing)、可加工性(xing)的(de)各類碳(tan)酸鹽，常見的(de)大(da)理(li)石(shi)有大(da)理(li)巖、石(shi)灰(hui)巖、白云巖、矽卡(ka)若等。

(1)大(da)理石(shi)的特點及成(cheng)(cheng)分大(da)理石(shi)是一種變(bian)質(zhi)(zhi)巖(yan)，由(you)純(chun)度較純(chun)的石(shi)灰巖(yan)重結晶變(bian)質(zhi)(zhi)形成(cheng)(cheng)。它的碳酸鈣含量(liang)在95％以上，呈(cheng)白色，灰色由(you)碳酸鹽經區域變(bian)質(zhi)(zhi)作(zuo)用(yong)或接觸(chu)變(bian)

質作用形成(cheng)，主要由方解石(shi)和白(bai)(bai)(bai)云(yun)石(shi)組成(cheng)，此外還含(han)有硅(gui)灰石(shi)、滑石(shi)、透閃石(shi)、透輝石(shi)、斜長石(shi)、石(shi)英、方鎂(mei)石(shi)等。，具粒狀變晶結構(gou)，塊狀(有時為(wei)條帶狀)構(gou)造。通(tong)常白(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)和灰色(se)大理(li)石(shi)居多，其(qi)中，質地均(jun)勻、細粒、白(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)者為(wei)白(bai)(bai)(bai)色(se)大理(li)石(shi)般稱為(wei)漢白(bai)(bai)(bai)玉(yu)，如北京(jing)房山產的(de)(de)漢白(bai)(bai)(bai)玉(yu)、河北曲陽的(de)(de)漢白(bai)(bai)(bai)玉(yu)，這兩地產的(de)(de)漢白(bai)(bai)(bai)玉(yu)均(jun)為(wei)上(shang)等的(de)(de)雕刻原料大理(li)石(shi)又(you)稱云(yun)石(shi)，顏(yan)色(se)很多，通(tong)常有明顯的(de)(de)花紋，礦(kuang)物顆粒很多，莫氏(shi)硬度在2.5～5之(zhi)間(jian)。

(2)大(da)(da)理(li)(li)石(shi)(shi)的顏色(se)(se)(se)(se)大(da)(da)理(li)(li)石(shi)(shi)除純(chun)白色(se)(se)(se)(se)外，有(you)(you)的還具有(you)(you)各種美(mei)麗的顏色(se)(se)(se)(se)和(he)(he)花紋，常見的色(se)(se)(se)(se)有(you)(you)淺灰、淺紅(hong)、淺黃、綠色(se)(se)(se)(se)、褐色(se)(se)(se)(se)、黑色(se)(se)(se)(se)等。產生不同顏色(se)(se)(se)(se)和(he)(he)花紋的主(zhu)要原因是大(da)(da)理(li)(li)石(shi)(shi)中(zhong)含(han)(han)有(you)(you)少量的有(you)(you)色(se)(se)(se)(se)礦物(wu)和(he)(he)雜(za)質，如含(han)(han)錳的方(fang)解石(shi)(shi)組成的大(da)(da)理(li)(li)石(shi)(shi)為(wei)粉紅(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)，大(da)(da)理(li)(li)石(shi)(shi)中(zhong)含(han)(han)石(shi)(shi)墨為(wei)灰色(se)(se)(se)(se)，含(han)(han)蛇紋石(shi)(shi)為(wei)黃綠色(se)(se)(se)(se)，含(han)(han)綠泥石(shi)(shi)、陽起石(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)透(tou)輝石(shi)(shi)為(wei)綠色(se)(se)(se)(se)，含(han)(han)金云(yun)母(mu)和(he)(he)粒硅鎂石(shi)(shi)為(wei)黃色(se)(se)(se)(se)，含(han)(han)符山(shan)石(shi)(shi)和(he)(he)鈣鋁石(shi)(shi)榴石(shi)(shi)為(wei)褐色(se)(se)(se)(se)等。

(3)大(da)(da)(da)(da)理(li)(li)石的(de)(de)用途(tu)大(da)(da)(da)(da)理(li)(li)石非常適用于加工(gong)成(cheng)各種(zhong)型材(cai)、板材(cai)，是制造建(jian)筑物的(de)(de)墻(qiang)面地(di)面、臺、柱，制作(zuo)家(jia)具(ju)的(de)(de)珍貴材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)理(li)(li)石還常用于紀念(nian)性建(jian)筑物如(ru)碑、塔、雕(diao)像等(deng)的(de)(de)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)理(li)(li)石還可以雕(diao)刻成(cheng)工(gong)藝(yi)美術品(pin)(pin)、文具(ju)、燈具(ju)、器(qi)皿等(deng)實用藝(yi)術品(pin)(pin)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)理(li)(li)石的(de)(de)質感柔和(he)，美觀(guan)莊重，格調高雅，花色繁多，是裝飾豪華建(jian)筑的(de)(de)理(li)(li)想材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)，也是雕(diao)刻藝(yi)術品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)傳統材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)。大(da)(da)(da)(da)理(li)(li)石除用于建(jian)筑裝飾外(wai)，在工(gong)業生產(chan)上也有各種(zhong)用途(tu)。如(ru)電(dian)工(gong)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)中(zhong)用作(zuo)隔電(dian)板，這類大(da)(da)(da)(da)理(li)(li)石要求絕緣性能好，不能含(han)有雜質，尤其是黃(huang)鐵(tie)(tie)礦、磁(ci)鐵(tie)(tie)礦等(deng)導電(dian)雜質;含(han)鈣高的(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)(da)理(li)(li)巖還可作(zuo)為(wei)石灰(hui)和(he)水泥的(de)(de)原料(liao)(liao)(liao)等(deng)。

1.1.2.2花(hua)崗石(shi)凡具有(you)裝(zhuang)飾性(xing)、強(qiang)度(du)(du)、穩定性(xing)、塊度(du)(du)、可加(jia)工(gong)性(xing)的各(ge)類(lei)巖漿(jiang)巖和以硅酸巖礦物為主的變質若，統稱為花(hua)崗石(shi)。

(1)花(hua)崗石的特(te)點及用途(tu)

①花崗(gang)石不易風化，顏色美觀(guan)，外觀(guan)色澤(ze)可保持百年以上(shang)。

②花崗(gang)石適用于建筑(zhu)物的室內外(wai)裝飾(shi)，耐候性(xing)好(hao)，不怕日曬雨淋(lin)、紫外(wai)線照射，是(shi)建筑(zhu)外(wai)墻裝飾(shi)石材(cai)。

③花崗石的硬度較(jiao)高，因此適(shi)合(he)用于大型室外市政廣(guang)場(chang)裝飾。

④花崗石的(de)耐酸堿性能(neng)較好，能(neng)抵御化學物質的(de)腐蝕，被大(da)量用于加(jia)工櫥柜、家具(ju)臺面板(ban)等酒店、家庭裝(zhuang)飾用物品。

(2)花(hua)(hua)崗石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)構(gou)(gou)造花(hua)(hua)崗石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是一(yi)種火山爆發(fa)的(de)(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)且(qie)受到(dao)相當大的(de)(de)(de)壓力、在熔(rong)(rong)融狀態下隆(long)起至地殼表層后的(de)(de)(de)構(gou)(gou)造巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，在地殼表層形成(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，緩慢地移動冷(leng)卻(que)下來，屬于(yu)火成(cheng)(cheng)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種，火成(cheng)(cheng)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)是由含有(you)硅酸鹽(yan)熔(rong)(rong)融物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)漿或熔(rong)(rong)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)冷(leng)卻(que)固化(hua)結(jie)晶(jing)形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種物(wu)質。當熔(rong)(rong)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)漿冷(leng)凝(ning)固結(jie)時，礦物(wu)即形成(cheng)(cheng)火成(cheng)(cheng)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)，像敝欖(lan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、輝(hui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之類。密度(du)(du)大的(de)(de)(de)鐵鎂硅酸鹽(yan)礦物(wu)，在巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)漿溫(wen)度(du)(du)高時形成(cheng)(cheng);密度(du)(du)較小的(de)(de)(de)礦物(wu)，如長石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)英，則(ze)在冷(leng)卻(que)的(de)(de)(de)后期(qi)形成(cheng)(cheng)。形成(cheng)(cheng)于(yu)熔(rong)(rong)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)礦物(wu)，通常可(ke)以毫無拘東地生長，并有(you)發(fa)育完好的(de)(de)(de)品形裝(zhuang)飾用花(hua)(hua)崗石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)包括(kuo)(kuo)花(hua)(hua)崗巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、片(pian)(pian)麻巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、片(pian)(pian)麻花(hua)(hua)崗巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、花(hua)(hua)崗片(pian)(pian)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、正(zheng)長巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、閃(shan)長巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)，裝(zhuang)飾用花(hua)(hua)崗石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也包括(kuo)(kuo)其他類似(si)的(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。